RESUMO A Bahia é o maior produtor nacional de pinha (Annona squamosa L.) e a broca-do-fruto (Cerconota anonella, Sepp. 1830) é praga chave da cultura. O uso de inseticidas é a principal tática de controle da praga, mesmo não havendo registros de agrotóxicos para a cultura. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficácia de inseticidas para o controle da broca e determinar os níveis de resíduos dos inseticidas nos frutos, visando à solicitação de extensão de uso dos produtos para pinha. O experimento foi conduzido em pomar irrigado, adensado (2 x 4 m) com oito anos, em Anagé, Bahia, Brasil. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com 10 tratamentos (três inseticidas em três doses e um tratamento testemunha - água) e cinco repetições. As parcelas compreenderam quatro plantas, sendo as duas centrais úteis. Os inseticidas e as respectivas doses (g de i.a. 100 L-1 de água) foram: Bacillus thuringiensis: 0,8; 1,7; e 2,5; triflumurom: 2,4; 3,6; e 4,8; e imidacloprido: 4,0; 10; e 16. Foram realizadas nove pulverizações em intervalos quinzenais com pulverizador costal de pressão constante, bico JA-2, com jato dirigido aos frutos e 10 avaliações da presença da broca em 30 frutos por parcela marcados previamente. Eficácia de controle foi comprovada apenas para imidacloprido na maior dose estudada. Análises de resíduo do imidacloprido aos 21 e 30 dias após a aplicação da maior dose indicaram níveis superiores ao limite máximo permitido. Os produtos nas condições testadas não se enquadram nas normas para solicitação de extensão de uso de citros para pinha.

ABSTRACT Bahia is the Brazilian state with the largest production of sugar apple fruits (Annona squamosa L.), and fruit borer (Cerconota anonella, Sepp. 1830) is a key crop pest. Insecticides are the main strategy for pest control even though there are no pesticides registered for this crop. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of insecticides to control fruit borer and determine the levels of insecticide residues in sugar apple fruits aiming at requesting the extension of authorization to use insecticide products in this crop. The experiment was conducted in an eight-year-old irrigated orchard (2 × 4 m) located in Anagé, Bahia, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block design with 10 treatments (three insecticides with three doses and a control with water) and 5 replications. Each plot was composed of four plants but only the two central ones were assessed. Insecticides and doses (g a.i. 100 L−1 water) were Bacillus thuringiensis: 0.8, 1.7, and 2.5; triflumuron: 2.4, 3.6, and 4.8; and imidacloprid: 4.0, 10.0, and 16.0. Nine sprayings were carried out at fortnightly intervals with a costal sprayer with constant pressure, JA-2 nozzle, and with jet directed to the fruits. Ten assessments were performed in order to observe fruit borer presence in 30 previously marked fruits per plot. Imidacloprid, at the highest studied dose, was the only effective treatment. Analyses of imidacloprid residues, at 21 and 30 days after the highest dose application, indicated levels higher than the maximum limit allowed. Insecticides under the conditions tested do not meet the norms for requesting the extension of authorization to use insecticides for citrus in sugar apple fruits.

A Bahia é o segundo mais importante Estado produtor de citros do Brasil, responsável por 5,5% da produção do País. 80% da produção vem de propriedades de base familiar, as quais dependem desse cultivo para seu sustento econômico. O Huanglongbing (HLB) nunca foi registrado na Bahia, mas está disseminando-se em outros três Estados do Brasil (São Paulo, Paraná e Minas Gerais), um dos quais faz fronteira com a Bahia. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo estimar o impacto econômico potencial de uma eventual introdução do HLB na Bahia. Foram utilizados os modelos de Gompertz e logístico associados a diferentes estratos de idade das plantas para estimar, respectivamente, a evolução da incidência e da severidade da doença no parque citrícola baiano, num horizonte de 20 anos. O progresso da doença foi usado para estimar os danos à produção em três cenários. No cenário-base (A), os esforços da agência estadual de defesa agropecuária previniria a entrada do HLB. No cenário B, a doença seria introduzida e não haveria esforços para seu controle, levando a uma disseminação nos anos seguintes. No cenário C, após a detecção da doença, os produtores adotariam medidas de controle: eliminação de plantas sintomáticas e supressão das populações do inseto vetor. Os custos do controle foram calculados considerando-se a necessidade de pulverizações, inspeções periódicas e eliminação das plantas doentes. O valor presente líquido (VPL) foi usado para comparar os três cenários. Os resultados indicam que as perdas seriam muito significativas caso o HLB fosse introduzido na Bahia. Assim sendo, se as medidas de controle não fossem aplicadas, os prejuízos poderiam superar R$1,8 bilhão.

Bahia is the second most important citrus region in Brazil, accounting for 5,5% of Brazilian production. 80% of the production comes from family based farms, which depend on this crop for economic support. Huanglongbing (HLB) was never recorded in Bahia, but is already spreading in three other citrus-producing states of the country, one of which borders the state of Bahia. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the potential economic impact resulting from an eventual introduction of HLB in Bahia. It was used the Gompertz and logistic models to estimate the disease progress under three scenarios. For the baseline scenario (A) the plant health agency efforts would prevent the HLB invasion. In scenario B, we assumed the disease introduction in citrus orchards and the absence of control measures, leading to the spread of HLB in the following years. In scenario C, after detection of the disease, the growers would adopt control measures: eradication of symptomatic hosts and suppression of insect vector populations. The costs of the disease control were calculated by considering the need for insecticide spraying, carrying out periodic inspections and eradication of symptomatic plants. The net present value (NPV) was used for comparing the scenarios. The results showed that, if the HLB is introduced in Bahia, the losses would be very significant in the following 20 years. If control and eradication procedures are not followed, losses in excess of US$ 890 million could occur.

Ceratitis capitata is one of the most important pests of fruits for exportation, and Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has been the most efficient and environmental friendly technique used to control fruit fly populations around the world. A key goal in achieving a successful SIT program is a mass rearing system producing high quality insects at low cost. Providing adults with an artificial diet containing hydrolysed protein has been the major obstacle for bio-production facilities in Brazil, because it is expensive and has to be imported. Two other commercial products, autolysed yeast (AY) and yeast extract (YE), of domestic origin and low cost, were tested as substitutes of the imported hydrolyzed protein. To compare their efficiency we observed the female fecundity, adult survival and egg viability of flies raised on diets containing one of each of the different protein products. Flies reared on the domestic yeast products had equivalent or superior performance to the flies reared on imported protein. Both AY and YE can be a possible substitute for imported hydrolyzed protein for C. capitata mass-rearing, as they are cheaper and are readily available in the national market.

The aim of this study was to find alternatives to reduce the cost of mass production of the South American fruit fly (A. fraterculus) by looking for locally available products as protein source in the diet of adults to replace the imported product without changing the quality parameters. Two yeast from a Brazilian company were evaluated. The quality parameters showed that the imported hydrolyzed yeast used in the adult diet could be perfectly replaced by the local products tested, with a reduction of over 80% of the cost of the diet. The quality of the produced insects remained the same and there were improvements in some quality parameters such as the volume of eggs produced, number of adults flying and longevity under the stress.